活动管理、人群控制和社交距离合规

I. Introduction

大型活动管理的形势瞬息万变，特别是在保持社交距离等健康和安全协议的背景下，需要创新的技术解决方案。这一理论案例研究探索利用 Lansitec 接触者追踪徽章，一款利用最先进的蓝牙 5.0 和 LoRaWAN 技术的设备，可用于事件管理、人群控制和社交距离合规领域。

Lansitec 徽章的设计旨在确保在各种环境下实现最佳功能，其特点是坚固耐用室内追踪精度、远距离通信能力以及地理围栏和低功耗等用户友好功能。本研究假设徽章在大型活动环境中的应用，研究其在增强与会者安全、简化人群管理和确保遵守社交距离准则方面的潜力。

Through this study, we aim to theoretically assess the badge’s capabilities in real-time monitoring of crowd density, proximity detection between attendees, and efficient management of event spaces. The focus is on exploring how its integrated technologies — particularly the combination of Bluetooth for short-range communication and LoRaWAN for wider area coverage — can be leveraged to maintain safety standards without compromising the event experience.

II. Technology Overview

利用蓝牙 5.0 和 LoRaWAN

兰赛特接触者追踪徽章, a cornerstone of this theoretical case study, is an advanced technological solution designed for precise indoor tracking and effective contact tracing, particularly relevant in the context of large-scale event management. At its core, the badge leverages two pivotal wireless technologies: 蓝牙 5.0 和 LoRaWAN.

蓝牙 5.0： 该徽章采用了蓝牙 5.0，这是蓝牙技术系列中其前代产品的重大升级。蓝牙 5.0 以其扩大的范围、增强的数据广播容量和与其他无线技术的增强互操作性而闻名。在 Lansitec 徽章中，蓝牙 5.0 可实现精确的室内跟踪，精度为 2 到 3 米。这种精度对于在密集人群场景（例如活动中）中进行有效的近距离检测至关重要。此外，徽章使用蓝牙 5.0 进行实时定位系统 (RTLS)，可在活动场所内精确实时地跟踪徽章佩戴者。增强的范围（高达 25 米的视线）和广播更丰富、更复杂数据的能力使蓝牙 5.0 成为管理与会者互动和动作的理想选择。

LoRaWAN（长距离广域网）： 作为蓝牙 5.0 的补充，Lansitec 徽章配备了 LoRaWAN 技术。LoRaWAN 是一种专为长距离无线数据通信而设计的协议，特别适合覆盖传统的 Wi-Fi 或蜂窝连接可能无法使用的大型活动空间。LoRaWAN 的优势在于其长距离能力（在城市地区超过 1 公里）以及在密集或阻塞环境中的出色穿透力，即使在具有挑战性的情况下也能确保连接。徽章采用 LoRaWAN 协议版本 1.0.2B，支持各种频段以满足区域要求。这项技术对于将跟踪系统的覆盖范围扩展到蓝牙的限制之外至关重要，从而实现全面的覆盖范围，以监控广阔活动场地的人群运动和互动。徽章的 LoRa 接收器具有高灵敏度（-139 dBm 至 -137 dBm，具体取决于频率），确保即使是最弱的信号也能被检测到，从而提高了跟踪系统的可靠性。

Together, Bluetooth 5.0 and LoRaWAN in the Lansitec badge provide a dual-layered approach to tracking and monitoring. While Bluetooth offers precision and ease of use in smaller, more confined spaces, LoRaWAN extends the badge’s utility to larger, more complex event environments. This combination ensures that attendees can be accurately and reliably tracked throughout the event space, contributing significantly to effective crowd management and adherence to social distancing protocols.

Proximity Detection, Contact Tracing, and Alert Systems

The Lansitec Contact Tracing Badge, integrated with advanced Bluetooth 5.0 and LoRaWAN technologies, serves as a multifaceted tool for proximity detection, contact tracing, and implementing alert systems in the context of event management. This section delves into the operational mechanics of these features, central to the badge’s functionality.

接近检测: The badge employs BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) technology for proximity detection. This is primarily achieved through the use of RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) values, which are a measure of the power present in a received radio signal. The RSSI values are used to estimate the distance between badges, enabling the detection of proximity within a predefined threshold, typically set at about 2 meters by default but adjustable as per the requirements of the event. When two badges come within this set proximity limit, they register each other’s presence, effectively tracking close-range interactions among attendees.
接触者追踪: In the context of contact tracing, the badge records interactions that occur within the predefined proximity range. This data, which includes the duration and frequency of interactions, is stored in the badge’s memory. Using Bluetooth connectivity, this data can be transmitted to a central server or accessed through a mobile application for analysis. In a theoretical event scenario, this feature allows event organizers to trace and analyze patterns of attendee interactions, crucial for identifying potential high-density areas and contact clusters. In the case of a health-related incident, this data becomes invaluable for tracing potential transmission chains.
Alert Systems: The badge is equipped with a built-in buzzer and vibrator, which are integral to its alert system. These components are activated when the badge detects another badge within the set proximity limit, serving as a tactile and auditory reminder to maintain social distancing. The buzzer produces an audible alert at 75dB, while the vibrator provides a physical alert with less than 50dB of mechanical noise, ensuring that the reminders are noticeable but not overly disruptive. This dual-alert system is particularly effective in crowded and noisy event environments, where visual cues may be missed.

此外，徽章的 NFC（近场通信）功能可以轻松管理和配置这些功能，使活动组织者能够快速调整接近阈值或警报类型等设置，以适应不断变化的需求或活动场地内的不同区域。

总而言之，Lansitec 接触者追踪徽章是一种全面的工具，可用于管理人群动态和确保安全协议。它巧妙地利用蓝牙进行近距离检测和接触者追踪，再加上有效的警报系统，从理论上讲，它在任何大型活动管理场景中都是一项强大的资产，在这些场景中，保持社交距离和监控与会者的互动至关重要。

III. Theoretical Framework

Hypothetical Scenarios in Event Settings

In order to effectively explore the application of the Lansitec Contact Tracing Badge within the realm of event management, it is useful to consider various hypothetical scenarios. These scenarios help in understanding the practical challenges and opportunities that such technology might encounter in real-world settings.

Music Festival: Imagine a large outdoor music festival with multiple stages and thousands of attendees. The badge could be used to monitor crowd density at various points, alerting attendees when certain areas become too crowded, thus aiding in crowd dispersion.
Conference or Trade Show: In an indoor setting such as a conference, the badge can help in tracking attendee movements through different halls and booths. It can also assist in managing queues for keynote speeches or special exhibits, ensuring social distancing is maintained.
Sports Event: At a sports stadium, the badge can be used to manage the flow of people entering and exiting the stadium, as well as to monitor the crowd density in stands and common areas like food courts.

Theoretical Basis for Using IoT Devices in Crowd Management and Social Distancing

Real-time Data Collection and Analysis: IoT devices like the Lansitec badge enable the collection of real-time data on attendee locations and interactions. This data is crucial for making informed decisions about crowd management, such as identifying and alleviating congestion points.
Precision and Accuracy: Advanced technologies like Bluetooth 5.0 and LoRaWAN ensure precise and accurate tracking of individuals within an event space. This precision is key in implementing effective social distancing measures.
Proactive Response to Crowding: The real-time nature of IoT devices allows for a proactive approach to crowd management. Organizers can respond to potential issues before they escalate, such as rerouting foot traffic or modifying event schedules to disperse crowds.
Enhanced Attendee Experience: By ensuring a safe environment, attendees can have a more enjoyable experience. The badge’s alert system can gently remind attendees to maintain social distance without being intrusive.
可扩展性和灵活性: IoT devices can be scaled up or down depending on the size of the event and can be programmed to suit specific needs, making them versatile tools for various event types.
Data-Driven Health and Safety Compliance: In the context of a health crisis like a pandemic, ensuring compliance with health guidelines is paramount. IoT devices provide a data-driven approach to enforcing such guidelines, enhancing overall safety.

In summary, the theoretical framework for using the Lansitec Contact Tracing Badge in event settings relies on leveraging real-time data for dynamic crowd management and ensuring adherence to social distancing protocols. This framework highlights the transformative potential of IoT technologies in reshaping event management strategies to prioritize safety and efficiency.

IV. Case Study Design

Description of a Hypothetical Large Event

For the purpose of this theoretical case study, let us consider a large-scale music festival, a setting that typically presents complex crowd management challenges. This event, named “HarmonyFest”, is a three-day outdoor festival set in a vast parkland, featuring multiple stages, food and drink stalls, and recreational areas. The festival is expected to attract around 50,000 attendees daily, with a diverse lineup of artists performing simultaneously at different stages.

Theoretical Deployment of the Badge

Distribution Among Attendees:

Upon arrival, each attendee receives a Lansitec Contact Tracing Badge as part of their welcome kit. The badge is pre-registered with their ticket information.
Attendees are informed about the purpose of the badge, primarily its role in ensuring social distancing and enhancing safety.
Members of the event staff are also given a badge as they will generate another set of data that will help with general event management and department coordination.

Setup of Monitoring Stations:

Several monitoring stations are strategically placed throughout the festival grounds. These stations are equipped with advanced receivers that connect to the badges via Bluetooth and LoRaWAN.
The stations collect real-time data from the badges, such as location coordinates and proximity interactions.
A central monitoring hub is established, where the data from all stations is aggregated and analyzed.

Integration with Event Management Systems:

The badge system is integrated with the festival’s event management software. This integration allows for real-time insights into crowd dynamics and attendee movements.
The event management team uses this data to make informed decisions, such as crowd flow adjustments, scheduling changes, or emergency responses.
The badge’s data assists in managing resources efficiently, such as directing security personnel to areas of high density or potential risk.

Additional Features for Enhanced Experience:

The badge also serves as a digital wallet for cashless transactions at the festival, streamlining purchases and reducing queue times.
Attendees can opt-in to receive notifications about their favorite performances, ensuring they don’t miss shows while maintaining safe distances.

In this hypothetical scenario, “HarmonyFest” serves as an ideal setting to explore the multifaceted capabilities of the Lansitec Contact Tracing Badge. Its deployment demonstrates the potential of such technology in managing large crowds effectively while ensuring adherence to safety protocols, particularly in the context of social distancing. This case study design aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how IoT devices can be integrated into complex event ecosystems to enhance safety, efficiency, and attendee experience.

Choosing the Right Lansitec Solution

为了确定哪种解决方案更适合 HarmonyFest 音乐节案例研究，我们需要考虑活动的具体要求和每个系统的功能：

B-固定: This solution involves fixed Bluetooth gateways that would be ideal for static, well-defined locations like stages, food stalls, or entrances. It’s effective for monitoring specific zones and is less prone to mobility-related errors.
B-移动: This solution offers mobile Bluetooth beacons, which are more flexible and dynamic. It is better suited for tracking moving objects or people across varying locations, providing broader coverage and adaptability to changing crowd dynamics.

For an event like HarmonyFest, where attendee mobility and large area coverage are key considerations, B-Mobile would likely be more effective. Its adaptability to different scenarios, ability to track moving attendees, and broader coverage make it a more suitable choice for dynamic event environments. The B-Mobile solution’s flexibility in tracking both people and assets across the entire festival area aligns well with the needs of managing a large-scale, dynamic event like HarmonyFest.

Incorporating the B-Mobile solution architecture, the case study design for HarmonyFest can be adjusted as follows:

Dynamic Deployment of Mobile Beacons: Attendees at HarmonyFest are equipped with mobile beacons embedded in their Lansitec badges. These beacons continuously transmit Bluetooth signals that are picked up by receivers scattered throughout the festival grounds.
Real-Time Movement Tracking: The B-Mobile solution allows for real-time tracking of attendees’ movements. This feature is crucial for monitoring and managing crowd flow dynamically, as attendees move between stages, food stalls, and other attractions.
Flexible Data Analysis and Crowd Management: The continuous data stream from the mobile beacons enables the event management team to analyze crowd density and movement patterns in real-time. This information is used to make immediate decisions, such as rerouting foot traffic or adjusting event schedules to prevent overcrowding.
Enhanced Safety and Experience: The real-time data provided by the B-Mobile solution aids in maintaining social distancing protocols effectively and ensures that safety measures are adhered to throughout the event.

V. Proximity Detection and Alert Mechanism

Advanced Proximity Detection in Crowded Settings

In HarmonyFest, the Lansitec badge’s proximity detection plays a crucial role in a crowded and dynamic environment. The badges use Bluetooth signals to constantly gauge the distance between individuals. In theory, these badges would be sensitive to variations in signal strength, allowing them to accurately detect when attendees breach the pre-set social distance threshold. This feature is particularly significant in a festival setting where people are constantly moving and gathering in different densities. The system needs to be robust enough to differentiate between transient proximity (passing by) and sustained closeness, which poses a higher risk.

Effectiveness of Dual-Alert Systems

Audible Alerts: The badges emit a 75 dB sound, which is slightly louder than normal conversation levels. The challenge lies in ensuring that these alerts are audible in an environment typically filled with music and crowd noise. The effectiveness would depend on the ambient noise levels at various locations within the festival. For instance, alerts might need to be louder near stages with live performances compared to quieter areas like relaxation zones.
Vibration Alerts: The vibration alert complements the audible alert, providing a tactile cue. This is particularly useful in scenarios where the audible alert might be drowned out. The effectiveness of vibration alerts hinges on the alert’s intensity and the wearer’s sensitivity to such cues. It’s a discreet yet effective way to prompt attendees, especially in scenarios where an audible alert might be intrusive or missed.

The combination of these alerts would theoretically enhance awareness among attendees, prompting them to adjust their positions and maintain safe distances. The dual-alert system ensures that the notification is noticed, regardless of the environmental conditions or activities the attendees are engaged in.

Integration and User Experience

For optimal effectiveness, the alert system needs to be integrated seamlessly into the attendee experience. Overly frequent or false alarms could lead to alert fatigue, where attendees start ignoring the warnings. Hence, the system’s calibration is critical – it must be sensitive enough to protect safety but balanced enough not to disrupt the event experience.

VI. Data Management and Privacy

Theoretical Data Collection and Analysis

In the context of HarmonyFest using the Lansitec badge, a significant amount of data can be theoretically collected, including movement patterns of attendees and crowd density metrics.

Movement Patterns: By tracking the movements of attendees through their badges, the system could generate detailed maps showing popular areas, peak movement times, and paths most frequently traveled. This data could be invaluable for understanding attendee behavior and preferences, and for planning future events.
Crowd Density: The system could also analyze the concentration of attendees in different areas of the festival. This data is crucial for identifying potential overcrowding and for making real-time decisions to alleviate congestion.

Privacy Considerations

Ensuring the privacy and security of the collected data is paramount. The data should be anonymized and encrypted to protect attendee identities.
Clear communication with attendees about what data is being collected, how it will be used, and the measures in place to protect their privacy is essential for ethical data management.
The use of data should strictly adhere to relevant data protection laws and regulations.

In this theoretical case study, data management and privacy are critical components. While the collected data offers valuable insights for event management and safety, maintaining the privacy and trust of the attendees is just as important.

Ethical Considerations

In handling the data collected by the Lansitec badges at HarmonyFest, several ethical considerations must be addressed to ensure privacy and trust:

Informed Consent: Attendees should be fully informed about the data collection process and must give their consent. This includes clarity on what data is being collected, how it will be used, and the duration of its storage.
Data Minimization: Collect only the data that is necessary for the intended purpose, in this case, for managing crowd density and ensuring social distancing. Avoid collecting sensitive personal information unless absolutely necessary.
Anonymization: Data should be anonymized to prevent the identification of individual attendees. This involves removing or encrypting identifiable information like names or personal identifiers.
Secure Storage and Transmission: Implement robust security measures to protect the data from unauthorized access or breaches. This includes secure encryption methods during data transmission and storage.
Compliance with Regulations: Adhere to relevant data protection laws and regulations, such as GDPR or local privacy laws, which set standards for data privacy and user rights.
Transparency and Accountability: Maintain transparency about data handling practices and be accountable for the data management processes. This includes having clear policies and protocols for data access and usage.
Data Deletion Post-Event: Establish a clear policy for data deletion after the event’s conclusion. Data should not be retained longer than necessary for the stated purpose.

By addressing these considerations, the theoretical use of Lansitec badges at HarmonyFest can balance the benefits of data analysis for crowd management with the ethical imperative to protect attendee privacy.

VII. Crowd Control Strategies

Utilizing Badge Data for Effective Crowd Management

In the theoretical application of the Lansitec badge at HarmonyFest, the collected data plays a critical role in formulating strategies for crowd control. Here are key strategies that could be employed:

Real-Time Crowd Density Monitoring: By analyzing the real-time location data from the badges, the event management team can continuously monitor crowd density across different festival areas. This allows for the identification of overcrowding and the swift implementation of measures to disperse the crowd.
Dynamic Area Management: Utilizing the data to adjust access to various parts of the festival. For instance, if a particular stage area becomes too crowded, entry can be temporarily restricted, while directing attendees to less crowded areas.
Predictive Analysis for Crowd Flow: Analyzing movement patterns to predict where crowds are likely to form. This can inform the scheduling of events or the positioning of attractions and amenities to better distribute attendees across the venue.
Emergency Response Planning: In case of an emergency, the badge data can be invaluable in executing evacuation plans. Understanding the real-time distribution of the crowd can help in directing people to the nearest exits efficiently.
Feedback Loop for Future Planning: Post-event analysis of the data can provide insights for future event planning, helping to optimize layout, scheduling, and resource allocation for improved crowd management.

By leveraging the badge data in these ways, event organizers can not only enhance attendee safety but also improve the overall event experience through effective and dynamic crowd control strategies.

Real-Time Event Management Adaptations

Dynamic Scheduling and Announcements: Utilize real-time badge data to make immediate scheduling adjustments. For example, if a particular performance attracts an unexpectedly large crowd, subsequent events could be rescheduled or added to disperse the audience.
Zone Capacity Management: Implement dynamic controls on zone capacities. Badge data can trigger automatic alerts when a zone approaches its safe capacity, prompting the redirection of attendees to less crowded areas.
Pathway Adjustments: Analyze movement patterns to identify congested pathways and adjust them in real-time, possibly by opening alternative routes or adjusting the flow direction.
Resource Allocation: Reallocate resources like security, medical assistance, and refreshments based on real-time crowd distributions, ensuring optimal service and safety across the event.
Emergency Protocols: In emergencies, leverage real-time data for efficient evacuation. The data can guide the quickest and safest routes out of the event space.

These theoretical approaches demonstrate how the Lansitec badge data can be harnessed for agile and responsive event management, ensuring both the safety and enjoyment of attendees at large-scale events like HarmonyFest.

VIII. Social Distancing Compliance

Ensuring Guideline Adherence with Badge Technology

The Lansitec badge, equipped with Bluetooth and LoRaWAN technologies, can theoretically play a pivotal role in ensuring compliance with social distancing guidelines at events like HarmonyFest.

Proximity Alerts: The badge’s primary function in enforcing social distancing is through its proximity alert system. When attendees come closer than the recommended distance, the badge triggers an alert (audible, vibration, or both), prompting them to increase their distance.
Data-Driven Spatial Management: The badge’s data allows event organizers to monitor and manage space usage effectively. Areas that consistently show breaches in social distancing can be identified and modified, either by physical restructuring or by controlling access.
Behavioral Influence: Regular alerts not only serve as immediate reminders to maintain distance but can also influence attendee behavior over time, encouraging a more conscious approach to personal space and movement in crowded settings.

The Lansitec badge’s technology could theoretically be instrumental in enforcing social distancing guidelines, both by direct alerts to attendees and by providing organizers with actionable data to manage crowd behavior and event space layout effectively.

Addressing Challenges and Theoretical Solutions

Alert Fatigue:

Challenge: Continuous or frequent alerts may lead to attendees becoming desensitized, potentially ignoring important warnings.
Solution: Implementing a smart alert system that adapts to individual behavior patterns and environmental context could reduce unnecessary alerts. For example, the system could recognize when attendees are stationary (e.g., sitting) and adjust the sensitivity accordingly.

Technology Limitations:

Challenge: Proximity detection might be affected by environmental factors like physical obstacles or signal interference, leading to inaccuracies.
Solution: Integrating complementary technologies like RFID or ultra-wideband (UWB) with Bluetooth and LoRaWAN can enhance precision. Additionally, machine learning algorithms could be used to interpret data more accurately by filtering out anomalies.

Privacy Concerns:

Challenge: Collecting and processing attendee location data raises significant privacy issues.
Solution: Beyond anonymization, implementing strict access controls and data retention policies ensures that data is only used for its intended purpose. Regular audits and compliance checks with privacy regulations can maintain trust.

Compliance Variability:

Challenge: Different attendees might respond differently to the social distancing alerts or might not understand the importance.
Solution: Providing educational content through the event app or signage can raise awareness. Incentivizing compliance through rewards or gamification might also encourage adherence to guidelines.

In addressing these challenges with proactive and innovative solutions, the theoretical deployment of the Lansitec badge at HarmonyFest can be more effective in ensuring compliance with social distancing guidelines, thereby enhancing safety while maintaining a positive attendee experience.

IX. Benefits and Limitations

在活动设置中使用徽章的潜在好处

Enhanced Safety: The badge’s primary benefit is the enhancement of attendee safety through effective social distancing, crucial in the context of health concerns like pandemics.
Real-Time Crowd Management: Enables dynamic management of crowd density, allowing for swift adjustments in event organization to prevent overcrowding.
Data-Driven Insights: Provides valuable data for understanding attendee behavior, facilitating better planning and resource allocation for future events.
Improved Attendee Experience: By ensuring a safer environment, the badge can enhance the overall attendee experience, contributing to a more positive perception of the event.
Efficient Emergency Response: In case of emergencies, real-time location data aids in quick and organized evacuation, enhancing overall safety measures.

The Lansitec badge’s integration into event settings like HarmonyFest offers significant benefits, particularly in enhancing safety and improving the management of large crowds.

大规模部署的理论限制和挑战

这些理论上的局限性凸显了在大型活动中部署此类技术的复杂性。解决这些挑战对于最大限度地发挥 Lansitec 徽章在活动环境中的优势并最大限度地减少潜在弊端至关重要。

Scalability Challenges: Large-scale events pose a challenge in maintaining stable connectivity and data processing for thousands of badges. This demands a robust infrastructure that can handle high volumes of simultaneous data transmissions without degradation in performance.
Battery Life Constraints: For multi-day events, ensuring that the badges remain functional throughout is crucial. This requires either long-lasting batteries or efficient recharging solutions, which could be logistically challenging to implement across a large event space.
Environmental Interference: Outdoor settings bring variables like weather conditions and physical obstructions, which can impact the reliability of Bluetooth and LoRaWAN signals. Developing contingencies for signal degradation or interference is important for maintaining system accuracy.
User Compliance and Adoption: The success of the technology also hinges on attendee compliance in correctly using the badges. Misuse or non-use by attendees could significantly impact the system’s effectiveness.
Data Overload and Management: The processing and real-time analysis of vast amounts of data generated pose a significant technical challenge. It requires advanced data management systems capable of handling large-scale data with efficiency and reliability.
Privacy and Security Concerns: Handling personal data of thousands of attendees raises privacy and security concerns. Ensuring data protection and compliance with privacy laws is essential, yet challenging, in large-scale deployments.

解决这些限制需要周密的规划、强大的技术基础设施和有效的管理策略。这些挑战凸显了在大型活动环境中部署此类技术时进行全面测试和反复改进的重要性。

X. Conclusion

Summary of Key Insights

HarmonyFest 上 Lansitec 徽章的理论案例研究提供了宝贵的见解，表明物联网设备在增强活动安全性和管理方面的潜力。徽章在近距离检测、人群密度监测和实时数据分析方面的功能表明，技术如何为保持社交距离和总体人群控制做出重大贡献。

Implications for Event Management and Public Safety

此类技术的部署可能会彻底改变活动管理，特别是在安全性和效率方面。它提供了一种数据驱动的方法来管理大量人群，确保遵守健康和安全准则，并改善整体与会者体验。

Suggestions for Future Research and Technology Enhancements

Future research should focus on addressing the identified challenges, particularly scalability and environmental interference. There’s also a need for developing more advanced data analysis tools for real-time crowd management. Further, exploring ways to enhance user compliance and battery efficiency will be crucial. As technology evolves, continuous improvements and adaptations will be necessary to meet the changing demands of large-scale event management.

References

Ahn, J. & Han, S. (2016). “Effectiveness of the Bluetooth Technology for Crowd Management and Evacuation Strategies.” Journal of Safety Studies.
Batty, M., et al. (2013). “Smart Cities of the Future.” European Physical Journal Special Topics.
Bluetooth SIG. (2020). “Bluetooth Core Specification.” Bluetooth Special Interest Group.
Gomez, C., et al. (2018). “State of the Art in LPWAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services.” 传感器.
LoRa Alliance. (2019). “LoRaWAN 1.0.2 Specification.” LoRa联盟.
Zhou, B., et al. (2015). “Crowd Management with RFID and Wireless Technologies.” Safety Science.

This list of references includes studies and technical resources relevant to the application of IoT technologies like Bluetooth and LoRaWAN in crowd management and event safety. These works provide foundational understanding and context for the theoretical application of the Lansitec badge in event settings.